zkEVM (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine) ist eine
zkEVMs sind EVM-kompatible Ausführungsumgebungen, die Null-Wissensbeweise nutzen, um die Richtigkeit von Berechnungen außerhalb der Kette zu überprüfen, was skalierbare und private Ethereum-Transaktionen ermöglicht.
zkEVMs sind darauf ausgelegt, Ethereum-Transaktionen und Smart Contracts auszuführen und gleichzeitig Zero-Knowledge-Proofs zu generieren. Diese Proofs ermöglichen die Überprüfung der Transaktionsgültigkeit, ohne die zugrunde liegenden Daten preiszugeben. Dieser Ansatz verbessert die Skalierbarkeit erheblich, indem er die Berechnung von der Haupt-Ethereum-Kette auslagert und die Transaktionskosten senkt. Verschiedene Arten von zkEVMs bieten unterschiedliche Kompatibilitätsgrade mit der EVM, was sich auf die einfache Migration bestehender Anwendungen auswirkt.
graph LR
Center["zkEVM (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine) ist eine"]:::main
Pre_cryptography["cryptography"]:::pre --> Center
click Pre_cryptography "/terms/cryptography"
Rel_ethereum["ethereum"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_ethereum "/terms/ethereum"
Rel_evm_ethereum_virtual_machine["evm-ethereum-virtual-machine"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_evm_ethereum_virtual_machine "/terms/evm-ethereum-virtual-machine"
Rel_scalability["scalability"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_scalability "/terms/scalability"
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🧠 Wissenstest
🧒 Erkläre es wie einem 5-Jährigen
Imagine [Ethereum](/de/terms/ethereum) is a busy city, and a zkEVM is like a super-fast train station built nearby. It processes lots of passenger requests (transactions) really quickly off to the side, and then sends a single, tiny report back to the main city saying everything was done correctly, without slowing down the main city.
🤓 Expert Deep Dive
zkEVMs represent a sophisticated application of zero-knowledge proof technology to enhance blockchain scalability, particularly for Ethereum. The fundamental challenge is bridging the gap between the EVM's execution model and the algebraic structures required by ZK-proof systems (like SNARKs or STARKs). Different zkEVM designs employ distinct strategies to achieve EVM compatibility while enabling ZK-proof generation. Type 1 zkEVMs aim for full EVM equivalence, meaning any valid EVM execution is also a valid zkEVM execution, often requiring complex circuit designs to represent EVM opcodes and state transitions. Type 2 and Type 3 zkEVMs relax strict EVM equivalence for greater ZK-friendliness, potentially sacrificing some compatibility for improved proof efficiency. Type 4 zkEVMs focus on abstracting the computation into a general arithmetic circuit, requiring a transpilation step from EVM bytecode. Key technical considerations include the efficient representation of EVM's Merkle Patricia Trie for state storage, handling of complex opcodes (e.g., hashing, precompiles), and managing the proof generation overhead. The security of a zkEVM relies on the soundness of the underlying ZK-proof system and the correctness of the EVM emulation within the ZK-friendly domain. Trade-offs involve the degree of EVM compatibility versus the efficiency and complexity of proof generation.