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Memory management is a fundamental process in operating systems (OS) responsible for allocating and deallocating memory space to processes and applications. Its primary goals are to efficiently utilize the available physical memory (RAM), prevent processes from interfering with each other's memory regions, and provide a consistent memory address space to applications, often larger than the physical RAM available. Key techniques include partitioning (dividing memory into fixed or variable-sized blocks), paging (dividing memory and processes into fixed-size pages and frames, allowing non-contiguous allocation), and segmentation (dividing memory into logical segments corresponding to program modules). Virtual memory is a crucial concept, extending the available memory by using secondary storage (like a hard drive or SSD) as an overflow for RAM. When physical memory is full, less frequently used pages are swapped out to disk (swap space) and loaded back when needed. This allows the system to run more applications than physical RAM would normally permit and provides memory protection. Memory management algorithms, such as First-Fit, Best-Fit, Worst-Fit for contiguous allocation, and algorithms like Least Recently Used (LRU) or First-In, First-Out (FIFO) for page replacement in virtual memory, are employed to optimize performance and minimize fragmentation (internal and external).