IPFS
Децентрализованная файловая система.
IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) is a distributed system for storing and accessing files, websites, applications, and data. Unlike the traditional web (HTTP), which uses location-based addressing (where the file is stored), IPFS uses content-based addressing (what is in the file). Each file is given a unique hash (CID), ensuring that data cannot be altered without changing its address.
graph LR
Center["IPFS"]:::main
Pre_cryptography["cryptography"]:::pre --> Center
click Pre_cryptography "/terms/cryptography"
Rel_filecoin["filecoin"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_filecoin "/terms/filecoin"
Rel_decentralized_storage["decentralized-storage"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_decentralized_storage "/terms/decentralized-storage"
Rel_merkle_tree["merkle-tree"]:::related -.-> Center
click Rel_merkle_tree "/terms/merkle-tree"
classDef main fill:#7c3aed,stroke:#8b5cf6,stroke-width:2px,color:white,font-weight:bold,rx:5,ry:5;
classDef pre fill:#0f172a,stroke:#3b82f6,color:#94a3b8,rx:5,ry:5;
classDef child fill:#0f172a,stroke:#10b981,color:#94a3b8,rx:5,ry:5;
classDef related fill:#0f172a,stroke:#8b5cf6,stroke-dasharray: 5 5,color:#94a3b8,rx:5,ry:5;
linkStyle default stroke:#4b5563,stroke-width:2px;
🧒 Простыми словами
🌍 Today’s internet works like a catalog: to find a photo, you must go to a specific 'shelf' (a server like Facebook.com). If that shelf breaks, the photo is gone. IPFS works like a library where everyone has a piece of the book. To find a photo, you just shout the name of the photo (the [hash](/ru/terms/hash)), and whoever is closest hands you their copy. It’s a web where files stay alive as long as someone, somewhere, has a copy.
🤓 Expert Deep Dive
IPFS utilizes Content-Addressable Storage (CAS), where ہر unique piece of data has a unique CID (Content Identifier) based on a multihash. Internally, files are broken into chunks and linked via a Merkle DAG, ensuring data integrity and deduplication. Peer discovery and routing are managed via a Kademlia-based Distributed [Hash Table](/ru/terms/hash-table) (DHT). For data exchange, IPFS uses the Bitswap protocol—a market-inspired data trading strategy where peers exchange blocks of data they have for blocks they want. Pinning is the mechanism used to ensure that specific data is not removed by garbage collection, effectively acting as the storage commitment in the network.